The Role of the Internal Audit Function in Moderating the Effect of Audit Committee Gender Diversity on Audit Quality
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines how gender diversity on the audit committee board affects audit quality, with the internal audit function serving as a moderating factor. The study analyzed 321 firm-year observations based on the annual reports of manufacturing firm listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange listed between 2019 and 2023. This study uses PLS-SEM to examine a research hypothesis. Our findings provide new insights to describe that the resence of women makes the audit committee more diverse and able to have a higher impact on audit quality. They have high performance standards to demonstrate the importance of the audit committee's responsibility in the financial reporting and management monitoring process. The internal audit function has strengthened the effect of a gender diversity on audit quality. Theoretically, this study contributes to the development of literature related to agency theory. For potential investors, as a strategy, invest in companies that have quality audits due to the strong encouragement from companies with more gender-diverse audit committees. For the government, strengthen the policy of women leadership on corporate boards to improve good governance.
Article Details
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abatecola, G, and Cristofa, M. (2018). Hambrick and Mason’s Upper Echelons Theory: evolution and open avenues. Journal of Management History, 26(1), pp.116-136. https://doi.org/10.1108/Jmh-02 2018-0016
Abhilash, A., Shenoy, S. S., and Shetty, D. K. (2023). Overview of corporate governance research in India: A Bibliometric Analysis. Accounting, Corporate Governance dan Business Ethics, 2(3), pp.1-22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.20 23.2182361
Aldamen, H., Janice Hollindale, Jennifer, L., and Ziegelmater. (2018). Female audit committee members and their influence on audit fees. Accounting and Finance, 58(1), pp. 57-89.
https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12248
Al-Shetwi, M., Ramadili, M., S., Chowdury, S., H., T., and Sori, M., Z. (2011). Impact of Internal Audit Function (IAF) on Financial Reporting Quality (FRQ): Evidence from Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Business Management, 5(27), pp. 11189-11198. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.1805
Abdel-Meguid, A., Abuzeid, M., El-Helaly, M., and Shehata, N. (2023). The relationship between board gender diversity and audit quality in Egypt. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print).
https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-08-2022-0199
Abdollahi, A., Rezaei Pitenoei, Y. and Safari Gerayli, M. (2020). Auditor's report, auditor's size and value relevance of accounting information. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 21(4), pp. 721-739.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-11-2019-0153
Adeniyi, S. I., and Aderobaki, V. A. (2023). Board Diversity and Audit Quality among Selected Listed Food and Beverage Firms on the Nigeria Exchange Group. JASF: Journal of Accounting and Strategic Finance, 5(2 SE-Articles), pp. 316–330. https://doi.org/10.33005/jasf.v5i2.259
Alhababsah, S., and Yekini, S. (2021). Audit committee and audit quality: An empirical analysis considering industry expertise, legal expertise and gender diversity. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 42(2), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2021.100377
Alkebsee, R. H., Tian, G.-L., Usman, M., Siddique, M. A., and Alhebry, A. A. (2021). Gender diversity in audit committees and audit fees: evidence from China. Managerial Auditing Journal, 36(1), pp. 72–104.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-06-2019-2326
Alzoubi, E. S. S. (2019). Audit committee, internal audit function and earnings management: evidence from Jordan. Meditari Accountancy Research, 27(1), pp. 72–90.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-06-2017-0160
An, Y. (2023). Does quality of audit committee enhance audit quality? International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev, 8(2), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i2.1385
Arel, B., Beaudoin, C. A., and Cianci, A. M. (2012). The Impact of Ethical Leadership, the Internal Audit Function, and Moral Intensity on a Financial Reporting Decision. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(3), pp. 351–366.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1133-1
Arena, M., and Azzone, G. (2009). Internal Audit Effectiveness: Relevant Drivers of Auditees Satisfaction. International Journal of Auditing, 13(1), pp. 43-60.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-1123.2008.0039
DeFond, M. and Zhang, J. (2014) A Review of Archival Auditing Research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), pp. 275-326.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2014.09.002
Dey, A. (2008). Corporate Governance and Agency Conflicts. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(5), pp. 1143–1181.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2008.00301.x
Dzikrullah, A. D., Iman, H., and Ratri, M. C. (2020). Internal audit functions and audit outcomes: Evidence from Indonesia. Cogent Business and Management, 7(1), 1750331.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1750331
ElGammal, W. and Gharzeddine, M. (2020). Determinants of audit fees in developing countries: evidence from Egypt. Corporate Ownership and Control, 17(2), pp. 142-156.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i2art12
Fernández-Méndez, C., and Pathan, S. T. (2023). Female directors, audit effort and financial reporting quality. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting / Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad, 52(1), pp. 125–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2021.2009298
García, L. S., Barbadillo, E. R., and Pérez, M. O. (2019). Analysis of the influence of the internal audit function on audit fees. Revista De Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review, 22(1), pp. 100–111.
https://doi.org/ 10.6018/rc-sar.22.1.354351
Gordini, N and Racanti, E. (2017). Gender diversity in the Italian boardroom and firm financial performance. Management Research Review, 40(1), pp. 75-94.
https://doi.org /10.1108/Mrr-02-2016 0039
Guan, L.N., Su, D., and Wu, Z. (2016). Yang Do school ties between auditors and client executives influence audit outcomes? J. Account. Econ., 61 (2–3) (2016), pp. 506-525.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12033
Gull, A.A., Atif, M., Issa, A., Usman, M., and Siddique, M.A. (2021). Female CEO succession and audit fees: evidence from China. Managerial Auditing Journal, 36 (3), pp. 485-509.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-09-2020-2824
Gras-Gil, E., Hernandez, S. M., and Lema, D. G. P. (2012). Internal audit and financial reporting in the Spanish Banking Industry. Journal Managerial 27(8), pp. 728-753.
https://doi.org /10.1108/02686901211257028
Gresia, N and Itan, E. (2022). Ownership concentration role on board diversity and audit committee characteristics on audit quality. The 2nd Conference on Management, Business, Innovation, Education and Social Sciences (CoMBInES), 2(1), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.37253/combines.v4i1
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., and Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer Nature.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Harymawan, I., and Putri, F. V. (2023). Internal audit function, audit report lag and audit fee: evidence from the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 13(4), pp. 784–805.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-10-2021-0318
Hashim, F., Ahmed, E. R., and Huey, Y. M. (2019). Board Diversity and Earning Quality: Examining the Role of Internal Audit as a Moderator. Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 13(4), pp. 73-91.
https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v13i4.6
He, J.A. Pittman, O.M. Rui, D. & Wu. (2017). Do social ties between external auditors and audit committee members affect audit quality? Account. Review, 92 (5), pp. 61-87. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-51696
Jensen, M. C., and Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.94043
Jusoh, Y. H. M., Muhamad, A. I., Hassan, R. A., Ishak, R., Rahman, S. A., and Mustapha, M. (2023). Audit Committee Characteristics and Financial Reporting Quality: Malaysia Cooperative Experience. International Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and Finance, 5(3), pp. 296–312.
http://dx.doi.org/10.55057/ijaref.2023.5.3.25
Kalia D, Basu D, and Kundu S (2023). Board characteristics and demand for audit quality: A meta-analysis. Asian Review of Accounting, 31(1), pp. 153-175.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-05-2022-0121
Kuan Pei See, J., Pitchay, A. A., Ganesan, Y., Haron, H., and Hendayani, R. (2020). The Effect of Audit Committee Characteristics on Audit Quality: The Moderating Role of Internal Audit Function. Journal of Governance and Integrity, 3(2), pp. 44-56 https://doi.org/10.15282/jgi.3.2.2020.5309
Klein, A. (2002). Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33(3), pp. 375–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(02)00059-9
Kurniawansyah, D., and Mahendrawati, D. (2024). The Role of the Board of Commissioners Gender Diversity on the Effect of Other Comprehensive Income on Audit Fees. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 34(7), 1634-1654.
https://doi.org/10.24843/EJA.2024.v34.i07.p02
Lai., K. M. Y., Bin Srinidhi., Ferdinand A., Gul and Judy S. L. Tsui. (2017). Board Gender Diversity, Auditor Fees, and Auditor Choice. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(3), 1681-1714.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12313
Leung, P. (2013), An empirical analysis of the determinants of greenhouse gas voluntary disclosure in Australia. Accounting and Finance Research, 2(1), pp. 110-127. https://doi.org/10.5430/afr.v2n1p110
Luh, P. K. (2024). Gender of firm leadership, audit committee gender diversity and audit quality through the lens of audit fee: a Ghanaian insight. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 39(3), pp. 388–408.
https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-06-2022-0215
Miglani, S., and Ahmed, K. (2019). Gender diversity on audit committees and its impact on audit fees: evidence from India. Accounting Research Journal, 32(4), pp. 568-586.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ARJ-01-2018-0001
Mustafa, A. S., Chandren, S., and Ahmad, A. (2018). Does having women on boards improve monitoring role: the impact of control - ownership wedge in Turkey. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law 13(2), 65-78.
https://doi.org/10.47743/jopafl-2024-33-1
Owolabi, S.A dan Ayobami, B. T. (2020). Effect of corporate governance on audit quality in Nigerian Banks. International Multidisciplinary Journal and of Current Educational Research, 2(5), pp. 290-296.
https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2020.v02i05.22302
Panda, Brahmadev, and Leepsa, N. M. (2017). Agency theory: Review of Theory and Evidence on Problems and Perspectives. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 10(1), 74–95.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0974686217701467
Pious, O., Benedict, A., Patrick, B., and Gabriel, K. (2022). The impact of board characteristics on audit quality, evidence-based on listed firms in Ghana. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 2(10), pp. 62-83.
https://doi.org/10.51505/Ijebmr.2022 .61005
Prawitt, D. F., Smith, J. L., and Wood, D. A. (2009). Internal Audit Quality and Earnings Management. The Accounting Review, 84(4), pp. 1255–1280. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.4.1255
Reguera-Alvarado, N., Pilar Fuentes, and Joaquina Laffarga, (2017). Does Board Gender Diversity Influence Financial Performance? Evidence from Spain, Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, 141(2), pp. 337-350.
https;//doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2735-9
Salehi, M., and Shirazi, M. (2016). Audit committee impact on the quality of financial reporting and disclosure. Management Research Review, 39(12), pp. 1639–1662. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-09-2015-0198
Sellami, Y. M., and Cherif, I. (2020). Female audit committee directorship and audit fees. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(3), pp. 398–428.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-12-2018-2121
Sultana, N., Singh, H.,Van der Zahn, and J.-L. W. M. (2015). Audit Committee Characteristics and Audit Report Lag. International Journal of Auditing, 19(2), pp. 72–87.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12033
Zalata, A.M., Ntim, C.G., Alsohagy, M.H., and Malagila, J. (2022). Gender diversity and earnings management: the case of female directors with financial background”, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 58(1), Pp. 101-136,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11156-021-00991-4
Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., and Zhou, N. (2007). Audit committee quality, auditor independence, and internal control weaknesses. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 26(3), pp. 300–327.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2007.03.001
Abhilash, A., Shenoy, S. S., and Shetty, D. K. (2023). Overview of corporate governance research in India: A Bibliometric Analysis. Accounting, Corporate Governance dan Business Ethics, 2(3), pp.1-22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.20 23.2182361
Aldamen, H., Janice Hollindale, Jennifer, L., and Ziegelmater. (2018). Female audit committee members and their influence on audit fees. Accounting and Finance, 58(1), pp. 57-89.
https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12248
Al-Shetwi, M., Ramadili, M., S., Chowdury, S., H., T., and Sori, M., Z. (2011). Impact of Internal Audit Function (IAF) on Financial Reporting Quality (FRQ): Evidence from Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Business Management, 5(27), pp. 11189-11198. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.1805
Abdel-Meguid, A., Abuzeid, M., El-Helaly, M., and Shehata, N. (2023). The relationship between board gender diversity and audit quality in Egypt. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print).
https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-08-2022-0199
Abdollahi, A., Rezaei Pitenoei, Y. and Safari Gerayli, M. (2020). Auditor's report, auditor's size and value relevance of accounting information. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 21(4), pp. 721-739.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-11-2019-0153
Adeniyi, S. I., and Aderobaki, V. A. (2023). Board Diversity and Audit Quality among Selected Listed Food and Beverage Firms on the Nigeria Exchange Group. JASF: Journal of Accounting and Strategic Finance, 5(2 SE-Articles), pp. 316–330. https://doi.org/10.33005/jasf.v5i2.259
Alhababsah, S., and Yekini, S. (2021). Audit committee and audit quality: An empirical analysis considering industry expertise, legal expertise and gender diversity. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 42(2), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2021.100377
Alkebsee, R. H., Tian, G.-L., Usman, M., Siddique, M. A., and Alhebry, A. A. (2021). Gender diversity in audit committees and audit fees: evidence from China. Managerial Auditing Journal, 36(1), pp. 72–104.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-06-2019-2326
Alzoubi, E. S. S. (2019). Audit committee, internal audit function and earnings management: evidence from Jordan. Meditari Accountancy Research, 27(1), pp. 72–90.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-06-2017-0160
An, Y. (2023). Does quality of audit committee enhance audit quality? International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev, 8(2), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i2.1385
Arel, B., Beaudoin, C. A., and Cianci, A. M. (2012). The Impact of Ethical Leadership, the Internal Audit Function, and Moral Intensity on a Financial Reporting Decision. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(3), pp. 351–366.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1133-1
Arena, M., and Azzone, G. (2009). Internal Audit Effectiveness: Relevant Drivers of Auditees Satisfaction. International Journal of Auditing, 13(1), pp. 43-60.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-1123.2008.0039
DeFond, M. and Zhang, J. (2014) A Review of Archival Auditing Research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), pp. 275-326.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2014.09.002
Dey, A. (2008). Corporate Governance and Agency Conflicts. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(5), pp. 1143–1181.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2008.00301.x
Dzikrullah, A. D., Iman, H., and Ratri, M. C. (2020). Internal audit functions and audit outcomes: Evidence from Indonesia. Cogent Business and Management, 7(1), 1750331.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1750331
ElGammal, W. and Gharzeddine, M. (2020). Determinants of audit fees in developing countries: evidence from Egypt. Corporate Ownership and Control, 17(2), pp. 142-156.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i2art12
Fernández-Méndez, C., and Pathan, S. T. (2023). Female directors, audit effort and financial reporting quality. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting / Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad, 52(1), pp. 125–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2021.2009298
García, L. S., Barbadillo, E. R., and Pérez, M. O. (2019). Analysis of the influence of the internal audit function on audit fees. Revista De Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review, 22(1), pp. 100–111.
https://doi.org/ 10.6018/rc-sar.22.1.354351
Gordini, N and Racanti, E. (2017). Gender diversity in the Italian boardroom and firm financial performance. Management Research Review, 40(1), pp. 75-94.
https://doi.org /10.1108/Mrr-02-2016 0039
Guan, L.N., Su, D., and Wu, Z. (2016). Yang Do school ties between auditors and client executives influence audit outcomes? J. Account. Econ., 61 (2–3) (2016), pp. 506-525.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12033
Gull, A.A., Atif, M., Issa, A., Usman, M., and Siddique, M.A. (2021). Female CEO succession and audit fees: evidence from China. Managerial Auditing Journal, 36 (3), pp. 485-509.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-09-2020-2824
Gras-Gil, E., Hernandez, S. M., and Lema, D. G. P. (2012). Internal audit and financial reporting in the Spanish Banking Industry. Journal Managerial 27(8), pp. 728-753.
https://doi.org /10.1108/02686901211257028
Gresia, N and Itan, E. (2022). Ownership concentration role on board diversity and audit committee characteristics on audit quality. The 2nd Conference on Management, Business, Innovation, Education and Social Sciences (CoMBInES), 2(1), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.37253/combines.v4i1
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., and Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer Nature.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Harymawan, I., and Putri, F. V. (2023). Internal audit function, audit report lag and audit fee: evidence from the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 13(4), pp. 784–805.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-10-2021-0318
Hashim, F., Ahmed, E. R., and Huey, Y. M. (2019). Board Diversity and Earning Quality: Examining the Role of Internal Audit as a Moderator. Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 13(4), pp. 73-91.
https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v13i4.6
He, J.A. Pittman, O.M. Rui, D. & Wu. (2017). Do social ties between external auditors and audit committee members affect audit quality? Account. Review, 92 (5), pp. 61-87. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-51696
Jensen, M. C., and Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.94043
Jusoh, Y. H. M., Muhamad, A. I., Hassan, R. A., Ishak, R., Rahman, S. A., and Mustapha, M. (2023). Audit Committee Characteristics and Financial Reporting Quality: Malaysia Cooperative Experience. International Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and Finance, 5(3), pp. 296–312.
http://dx.doi.org/10.55057/ijaref.2023.5.3.25
Kalia D, Basu D, and Kundu S (2023). Board characteristics and demand for audit quality: A meta-analysis. Asian Review of Accounting, 31(1), pp. 153-175.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-05-2022-0121
Kuan Pei See, J., Pitchay, A. A., Ganesan, Y., Haron, H., and Hendayani, R. (2020). The Effect of Audit Committee Characteristics on Audit Quality: The Moderating Role of Internal Audit Function. Journal of Governance and Integrity, 3(2), pp. 44-56 https://doi.org/10.15282/jgi.3.2.2020.5309
Klein, A. (2002). Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33(3), pp. 375–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(02)00059-9
Kurniawansyah, D., and Mahendrawati, D. (2024). The Role of the Board of Commissioners Gender Diversity on the Effect of Other Comprehensive Income on Audit Fees. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 34(7), 1634-1654.
https://doi.org/10.24843/EJA.2024.v34.i07.p02
Lai., K. M. Y., Bin Srinidhi., Ferdinand A., Gul and Judy S. L. Tsui. (2017). Board Gender Diversity, Auditor Fees, and Auditor Choice. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(3), 1681-1714.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12313
Leung, P. (2013), An empirical analysis of the determinants of greenhouse gas voluntary disclosure in Australia. Accounting and Finance Research, 2(1), pp. 110-127. https://doi.org/10.5430/afr.v2n1p110
Luh, P. K. (2024). Gender of firm leadership, audit committee gender diversity and audit quality through the lens of audit fee: a Ghanaian insight. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 39(3), pp. 388–408.
https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-06-2022-0215
Miglani, S., and Ahmed, K. (2019). Gender diversity on audit committees and its impact on audit fees: evidence from India. Accounting Research Journal, 32(4), pp. 568-586.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ARJ-01-2018-0001
Mustafa, A. S., Chandren, S., and Ahmad, A. (2018). Does having women on boards improve monitoring role: the impact of control - ownership wedge in Turkey. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law 13(2), 65-78.
https://doi.org/10.47743/jopafl-2024-33-1
Owolabi, S.A dan Ayobami, B. T. (2020). Effect of corporate governance on audit quality in Nigerian Banks. International Multidisciplinary Journal and of Current Educational Research, 2(5), pp. 290-296.
https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2020.v02i05.22302
Panda, Brahmadev, and Leepsa, N. M. (2017). Agency theory: Review of Theory and Evidence on Problems and Perspectives. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 10(1), 74–95.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0974686217701467
Pious, O., Benedict, A., Patrick, B., and Gabriel, K. (2022). The impact of board characteristics on audit quality, evidence-based on listed firms in Ghana. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 2(10), pp. 62-83.
https://doi.org/10.51505/Ijebmr.2022 .61005
Prawitt, D. F., Smith, J. L., and Wood, D. A. (2009). Internal Audit Quality and Earnings Management. The Accounting Review, 84(4), pp. 1255–1280. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.4.1255
Reguera-Alvarado, N., Pilar Fuentes, and Joaquina Laffarga, (2017). Does Board Gender Diversity Influence Financial Performance? Evidence from Spain, Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, 141(2), pp. 337-350.
https;//doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2735-9
Salehi, M., and Shirazi, M. (2016). Audit committee impact on the quality of financial reporting and disclosure. Management Research Review, 39(12), pp. 1639–1662. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-09-2015-0198
Sellami, Y. M., and Cherif, I. (2020). Female audit committee directorship and audit fees. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(3), pp. 398–428.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-12-2018-2121
Sultana, N., Singh, H.,Van der Zahn, and J.-L. W. M. (2015). Audit Committee Characteristics and Audit Report Lag. International Journal of Auditing, 19(2), pp. 72–87.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12033
Zalata, A.M., Ntim, C.G., Alsohagy, M.H., and Malagila, J. (2022). Gender diversity and earnings management: the case of female directors with financial background”, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 58(1), Pp. 101-136,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11156-021-00991-4
Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., and Zhou, N. (2007). Audit committee quality, auditor independence, and internal control weaknesses. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 26(3), pp. 300–327.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2007.03.001